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Across large cohort studies, systematic reviews and clinical trials, several consistent themes emerge from the scientific literature on plant-based diets:
1. Well-planned plant-based diets support overall health
2. Plant-based diets are associated with lower risk of chronic disease
3. Certain nutrients require attention
4. Plant proteins support muscle health
5. Plant-based diets significantly reduce environmental impact
Landmark Studies in Plant-Based Nutrition
The safe and effective use of plant-based diets with guidelines for health professionals. Nutrients.
Summary: Comprehensive scientific review outlining how well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets can meet nutrient requirements and support health across the lifespan.
Vegetarian dietary patterns for adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
Summary: Official position statement concluding that appropriately planned vegetarian diets are nutritionally adequate and may offer protection against several chronic diseases.
Association between plant and animal protein intake and mortality. JAMA Internal Medicine.
Summary: Large cohort study finding that higher plant protein intake was associated with lower overall mortality risk compared with higher animal protein consumption.
Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science.
Summary: Landmark global study
analysing over 38,000 farms showing that plant-based diets can dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions, land use and freshwater consumption.
Research Highlight
Plant-based diets could reduce food-related greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70% compared with current dietary patterns.
Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits. Nature.
Summary: Global modelling study demonstrating that large-scale dietary shifts toward plant-forward diets are necessary to keep food systems within planetary environmental boundaries.
Plant-Based Diets and Human Health Outcomes
Dietitians Australia position statement on healthy and sustainable diets.
Summary: Highlights the role of plant-forward diets in supporting both human health and environmental sustainability.
Nutrition benefits and considerations for whole foods plant-based diets.
Summary: Overview of evidence linking whole-food plant-based diets with improved cardiometabolic health outcomes.
Gut microbiome signatures of vegan, vegetarian and omnivore diets. Nature Microbiology.
Summary: Study of over 21,000 individuals demonstrating distinct gut microbiome profiles associated with plant-based diets.
Plant-based and vegetarian diets: definitions and health impacts.
Summary: Comprehensive overview defining plant-based dietary patterns and summarising evidence across health outcomes.
Cardio-metabolic benefits of plant-based diets.
Summary: Review linking plant-based diets with lower rates of obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
Nutrient intake and status in adults consuming plant-based diets.
Summary: Analysis comparing nutrient intake and status in plant-based versus omnivorous diets, highlighting both strengths and nutrients requiring attention.
Key Nutrients in Plant-Based Diets
Vitamin B12 intake among Australian vegan women.
Summary: Study highlighting the importance of vitamin B12 supplementation for maintaining adequate status in
vegan populations.
Vitamin B12 supplementation adequacy in vegans.
Summary: Research showing that
regular supplementation effectively maintains adequate B12 levels.
Essential fatty acids in vegan diets.
Summary: Analysis of ALA and linoleic acid intake from plant sources such as flaxseed, walnuts and chia.
Algal DHA supplementation in vegetarians.
Summary: Demonstrates that algae-derived DHA supplementation effectively increases omega-3 levels in vegetarian diets.
Zinc nutrition in plant-based diets.
Summary: Review exploring zinc bioavailability and dietary strategies to support adequate intake.
Vitamin B12 among vegetarians.
Summary: Comprehensive review explaining B12 metabolism, deficiency risk and supplementation strategies.
Plant Protein Quality and Muscle Health
High-protein vegan vs omnivorous diet during resistance training.
Summary: Demonstrates similar strength and muscle gains between vegan and omnivorous diets when protein intake is matched.
Research Highlight
High-protein vegan diets can support comparable muscle growth and strength gains to omnivorous diets.
Vegan and omnivorous high-protein diets and muscle protein synthesis.
Summary: Study showing similar muscle protein synthesis rates between diets when adequate protein is consumed.
Plant proteins and health outcomes.
Summary: Review discussing digestibility, amino acid composition and health benefits of plant protein sources.
Animal vs plant protein sources.
Summary: Comparative review of health and environmental outcomes associated with protein sources.
Functional attributes of plant proteins.
Summary: Explores the metabolic and nutritional benefits of plant protein ingredients.
Environmental Sustainability of Plant-Based Diets
Planetary Health Diet Index and mortality.
Summary: Study linking adherence to the planetary health diet with reduced mortality risk.
Which diet has the least environmental impact?
Summary: Comparative analysis showing plant-based diets have substantially lower environmental impacts.
Dietary Pattern Sustainability Index (DIPASI).
Summary: Framework for evaluating environmental sustainability of dietary patterns.
Shortfalls of the EAT-Lancet planetary health diet.
Summary: Recommendations for improving global implementation of sustainable dietary patterns.
Research consistently shows that well-planned plant-based diets can support long-term health. However, studies also highlight the importance of ensuring adequate intake of several nutrients that may be lower in plant-exclusive diets.
Ensuring adequate intake may involve fortified foods, careful dietary planning or supplementation depending on individual dietary patterns and requirements.